Detail from The Canal, Amsterdam, 1889, James McNeill Whistler, The Hunterian, University of Glasgow

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At the Piano

Composition


                    At the Piano, Taft Museum of Art
At the Piano, Taft Museum of Art

                    At the Piano, X-ray, 1965
At the Piano, X-ray, 1965

X-rays show that a thin preparatory stage of the design was first made to include the figure at the piano, the picture frames, but perhaps not the listening girl. 1


                    Annie, Freer Gallery of Art
Annie, Freer Gallery of Art

A pencil drawing by Whistler, Annie [M.0292], shows Annie in a sailor dress leaning on a window-sill or table; it probably relates to the present painting, although it shows her facing to back right, with her face not seen.

John McClure Hamilton (1853-1936) discussed the composition with the Pennells:

'Whistler's treatment of perspective … The wainscot, behind the piano and the pictures, curves downward and Mr Hamilton was sure Whistler did this on purpose to take away from the austerity of the straight lines of the pictures above, and also because, after this gentle curving towards the centre, the lines of the wainscot lead one's eyes far into the room from either side and so express the size or space. I was particularly interested because, at the Whistler Memorial Exhibition shortly before this talk with Mr Hamilton, Humphry Ward tried to prove to me that the wainscot curved because Whistler could not draw … All the same, the curve is a mistake … it hits you and therefore the picture is not finished according to Whistler's teaching that in the finished work all traces of how it is done must be obliterated.' 2

Technique


                    At the Piano, Taft Museum of Art
At the Piano, Taft Museum of Art

It was painted on a light-weight good quality linen. It originally had a colourman's stencil on the verso, reading 'BROWN, 63, HIGH HOLBORN, LONDON.' The ground is a thick pure white layer containing white lead and other components, but not zinc white. The canvas was probably commercially primed. The paint may have contained varnish.

The area of paint in the part of the girl's head that overlaps the picture frame is less dense than in the part over the white wall tone. This is not the case with the seated figure. A thin white wash marking the white wall seems to have been set down, leaving a gap for the head on the left but not for that on the right. 3

Conservation History


                    At the Piano, photograph, 1870s, New York Public Library
At the Piano, photograph, 1870s, New York Public Library

                    At the Piano, n.d.,  albumen print, GUL Whistler PH4/2
At the Piano, n.d., albumen print, GUL Whistler PH4/2

                    At the Piano, n.d., photogravure, GUL Whistler PH4/119
At the Piano, n.d., photogravure, GUL Whistler PH4/119

Early photographs show that no substantial changes have occurred.


                    At the Piano, Taft Museum of Art
At the Piano, Taft Museum of Art

The varnish was removed, the painting was cleaned and paint losses repaired, and it was relined on a fresh canvas in 1965.

Frame


                    At the Piano, framed, albumen print, n.d.,  GUL Whistler PH4/1
At the Piano, framed, albumen print, n.d., GUL Whistler PH4/1

Notes:

1: Report by Richard D. Buck, conservator, Intermuseum Laboratory, Oberlin, Ohio, June 1965, museum records.

2: Pennell 1921C [more] , pp. 82-83.

3: Report by Richard D. Buck, June 1965, op. cit.

Last updated: 8th June 2021 by Margaret