The Paintings of James McNeill Whistler

Date

The Cartoon of rich and poor Peacocks dates from November 1876.

Cartoon of rich and poor Peacocks, The Hunterian

It seems likely that Whistler designed and painted it after his first quarrel with Frederick Richards Leyland (1832-1892), and when he realised that there was no question of Leyland getting the painting originally conceived for the wall at the south end of the dining room at 49 Prince's Gate.

Journals like The Queen described the completed panel as representing 'two life-size replicas in gold of peacocks fighting'. ¹ Edward William Godwin (1833-1886) may have been reflecting Whistler's views when he wrote that it represented 'less a fight between the gold peacocks, as described in some journals, than a defiance.' ²

Although there are numerous pentimenti in the cartoon, it does not appear that there was any radical alteration to the design of the rich peacock, as Algernon Graves (1845-1922) suggested. ³ It was always intended to represent wealth and everything that Leyland stood for. After Leyland excluded him from the house, Whistler drafted a letter to Leyland, saying 'I refer you to the Cartoon opposite you at dinner, known to all London as "l'Art et l'Argent" or the Story of the Room.' ⁴

The drawing is fully catalogued in MacDonald 1995 (cat. rais.) [more] (cat. no. 584).

Images

Subject

Site

Harmony in Blue and Gold: The Peacock Room, south wall, Freer Gallery of Art

The final painting was originally erected in the house of Frederick Richards Leyland (1832-1892) at 49 Princes Gate. It was re-erected in Freer's house in Detroit, and finally in the Freer Gallery of Art, Washington DC.

Comments

The immediate inspiration for Whistler's Peacock designs was probably Japanese art. The bird on the left resembles a piece of Satsuma faience illustrated by George Ashdowne Audsley and James Lord Bowes, in The Keramic Art of Japan in 1875 (Plate 12). Spencer points out a comparison between both the composition of this cartoon, and the predominating scale patterns of the Peacock room, and illustrations in the same book. J. L. Bowes was Japanese Consul and Whistler could have seen his collection on a visit to F. R. Leyland's house near Liverpool.

Technique

Composition

Cartoon of rich and poor Peacocks, The Hunterian

Harmony in Blue and Gold: The Peacock Room, south wall, Freer Gallery of Art

This is a full scale cartoon for the panel of Rich and Poor Peacocks on the south wall of Harmony in Blue and Gold: The Peacock Room y178.

Describing the Peacock Room, Whistler told the Pennells, '[I] just painted it as I went on, without design or sketch - it grew as I painted.' ⁵ This is manifestly not true of the panel of the rich and poor peacocks, given the existence of this full scale cartoon.

Technique

Cartoon of rich and poor Peacocks, The Hunterian

In chalk, with details freely painted in wash, it is by far the largest drawing Whistler produced. The first stage in preparing the cartoon was a drawing in black and white chalk. This was gone over quickly in grey wash. The brush used was 3-4 mm. (1 1/8-1 1/2") wide, but some of the final strokes were painted with a broad brush, ca 7 mm ( 2 3/4") wide and a few strokes are 14 mm (5 1/2") wide. In a few places pencil lines were used to define details.

Then the drawing was incised for transfer. This was done so energetically that it cut right through the paper at times. In addition there is a deeply incised line some 5 mm (2") outside the outline defining each peacock. The wash did not follow the chalk at all times, nor did the incising follow either the wash or chalk lines precisely. The incised lines of tracing were more precise than the sketchy brushstrokes. On the face of the right peacock, either the act of making the incised line has removed the original drawing, or the incised line was used to define details, without preliminary drawing.

Originally the tail swept up steeply and forward over the head. Brushwork modified the angle and filled in the detail. Many curves of feathers drawn in chalk were not gone over in wash, and the incising of lines was perfunctory, leaving the artist to recreate the design without too much constraint on the canvas. In its present state, the top of his left wing is a mess, pale and rubbed. The wash is somewhat muddy on the right wing and tail where it has picked up too much chalk. There was a lot of rubbing out of the white chalk above the right wing. Pencil appears to have been used a little in the final stage, in some details like the skinny feather at the top.

To the right is an isolated experiment, where Whistler tried out a pattern for the eyes of the big peacock feathers, quickly abandoned in favour of a few loosely curving impressions.

There appear to have been a lot of alterations to the peacock on the left. White chalk lines, and a white rubbed out area, surround it, in particular at the head. The head and wings were tried out in different positions. It is not clear whether the feathers scraped on the neck were intended for transfer, or were just part of the drawing process. The variety of textures, including this scraping, give the small feathers a fine, engraved quality, and catch the light, adding a glow to the drawing. There is a feather pattern to left of the peacock, possibly meant to represent raised feathers.

The mass of feathers in black and white chalk and wash, looked at closely, is a muddle, but from a distance is full of movement, a splendid waterfall of feathers. The wash has become muddy on the top of the wings and along the neck of the bird.

The final painting of gold on blue completed the process of stylizing every detail into a consistent, elegant decoration. In the process some of the vigour of the original design was lost. The cartoon gives a true representation of Whistler's intentions. ⁶

Conservation History

Rosalind Birnie Philip (1873-1958) wrote to Charles Lang Freer (1856-1919) on 12 November 1903 that she had found 'the sketches of the two fighting peacocks, of the peacock room … wonderful in execution' and she had them mounted on canvas. ⁷

The paper of the Cartoon has been repeatedly folded and torn and is much rubbed, stained and abraded. Sections have been repaired and replaced. Some of the tears originated with the incising of the cartoon.

The painting itself was restored in the 1980s, and now reveals the delicacy of the original brushwork.

History

Provenance

• 1903: in Whistler's studio at his death and bequeathed to Rosalind Birnie Philip (1873-1958).
• 1958: bequeathed to the University of Glasgow.

Exhibitions

The cartoon was not exhibited in Whistler's lifetime, though the Peacock Room was shown to the Press in 1877, accompanied by a pamphlet expressing Whistler's intentions: Whistler 1877 C [more].

Bibliography

Catalogues Raisonnés

• MacDonald, Margaret F., James McNeill Whistler. Drawings, Pastels and Watercolours. A Catalogue Raisonné, New Haven and London, 1995 (cat. no. 584) as 'Cartoon of rich and poor Peacocks'.
• Young, Andrew McLaren, Margaret F. MacDonald, Robin Spencer, and Hamish Miles, The Paintings of James McNeill Whistler, New Haven and London, 1980 (room, cat. no. 178).

Authored by Whistler

• Whistler, James McNeill, Harmony in Blue and Gold. The Peacock Room, London, 1877.

Newspapers 1855-1905

• Godwin, E. W., 'Notes on Mr. Whistler’s “Peacock Room” ', Daily Courier, Liverpool, 24 February 1877, pp. 118-19.

Journals 1855-1905

• Anon., 'Notes and News', The Academy, vol. 10, no. 226, 2 September 1876, p. 249.
• Anon., 'Mr J. A. McNeill Whistler's Decorative Work, the Peacock Room', Queen, 17 February 1877, p. 124.
• Graves, Algernon, 'James Abbott McNeill Whistler', Printseller and Print Collector, vol. 1, August 1903, pp. 341-45.

Books on Whistler

• Merrill, Linda, The Peacock Room. A Cultural Biography, New Haven and London, 1998, pp. 242-43.
• Pennell, Elizabeth Robins, and Joseph Pennell, The Life of James McNeill Whistler, 2 vols, London and Philadelphia, 1908, vol. 1, pp. 202-09.

Catalogues 1906-Present

• Young, A. McLaren, James McNeill Whistler, Arts Council Gallery, London, and Knoedler Galleries, New York, 1960 (cat. no. 118).
• Spencer, Robin, James McNeill Whistler (1834-1903), Nationalgalerie, Berlin, 1969 (cat. no. 31) 'Entwurf zu Harmonie in Blau und Gold: The Peacock Room'.
• MacDonald, M. F., Whistler Pastels, The Hunterian, University of Glasgow, 1984, p. 32.
• Curry, David Park, James McNeill Whistler at the Freer Gallery of Art, New York and London, 1984, pp. 55-56, 65, repr. fig. 110 (not exhibited).
• ホイスラー展. Whistler Exhibition in Japan, Isetan Museum of Art, Tokyo; Hokkaido Museum of Modern Art, Sapporo; Shizuoka Prefectural Museum, Shizuoka, 1986 (cat. no. 48) repr. pp. 104-05.

Journals 1906-Present

• Winter, John, and Elisabeth West FitzHugh, 'Some Technical Notes on Whistler’s “Peacock Room” ', Studies in Conservation, vol. 30, 1985, pp. 149-54, p. 153.

Websites

• The Hunterian website at http://collections.gla.ac.uk.